الأول الثانوىمنتديات المعلم القدوةالتعليمية2016
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تقوم الصيدليات هذه الأيام بالجرائم التالية:1.إعدام قيمة المضادات الحيويــــة بشكل متدرج نتيجة الكثـــرة الرهيبة لصرف مضادات البكتيريا والفيروسات والفطرية من ذات أنفسهم دون كشف الطبيب بجرعـات دون إكليكينية فأدي ذلك الي تكوين هاي ريزستانس بكتيرية وفيروسية وفطرية عالية قللت من كثير من الأجيال المكتشفة حديثا والسابق اكتشافها قديمــــــا حتي وصلت نسبة انعدام فاعلية الدواء الي مالا يقل عن 50%الأمر الذي سينشأ عنه في المستقبل القريب عدم فاعلية معظم المضادات الحيوية وانظر المدونة
الاثنين، 17 أبريل 2017
تحميل كل مذكرات الصف الاول الثانوي في جميع المواد
من موقع ايجي فاست
تحميل كل مذكرات الصف الاول الثانوى 2016 فى جميع المواد
أولاً: مواد الترم الأول2016
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ثانيًا المواد المنتهية 2016
ثانيًا المواد المنتهية 2016
مذكرة التاريخ للصف الأول الثانوى2016
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المختبر كيمياء أولى ثانوى انتجت16 أكتوبر2015
مذكرةالأحياء للصف الأول الثانوى2016
المصدر نهضة مصر
عن ايجي فاست
السبت، 8 أبريل 2017
روابط موقع رسم القلب الكهربي
ischaemic heart disease
- Acute inferior myocardial infarction
- Acute anterior myocardial infarction
- Acute posterior myocardial infarction
- Old inferior myocardial infarction
- Acute myocardial infarction in the presence of LBBB
hypertrophy patterns
aortic stenosis
- Mitral Stenosis
- Right atrial hypertrophy
- Left ventricular hypertrophy in the presence of left anterior hemiblock
atrioventricular (AV) block
- First degree AV block
- 2 to 1 Atrioventricular block
- Complete Heart Block
- Complete heart block and atrial fibrillation
bundle branch block
supraventricular rhythms
- Sinus bradycardia
- Sinus tachycardia
- Atrial Bigeminy
- Atrial Premature Beat
- Atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response
- Atrial fibrillation with pre-existing LBBB
- Atrial Flutter
- Atrial flutter with 2:1 AV conduction
- Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with atrial fibrillation
ventricular rhythms
in Complete Heart Block
- Ventricular tachycardia with clear AV dissociation
- Ventricular tachycardia with subtle AV dissociation
- Torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia
- Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia with an ICD
- Ventricular Fibrillation
pacemakers
- Ventricular pacemaker
- Dual Chamber Pacemaker with an ICD
Wolff Parkinson White syndrome
- WPW syndrome - left lateral pathway
- WPW syndrome - anteroseptal pathway
- Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with atrial fibrillation
- Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with atrial fibrillation (another example)
miscellaneous
pericardial effusion
- Long QT interval Romano-Ward Syndrome
- Lown-Ganong-Levine Syndrome
- Acute pulmonary embolus
- Hyperkalaemia
- Hypokalaemia
- Piggy-back heart transplant
- Digitalis effect
other
Acute posterior myocardial infarction
Acute posterior myocardial infarction
A 60 year old woman with 3 hours of chest pain.
A 60 year old woman with 3 hours of chest pain.
- Acute posterior myocardial infarction
- (hyperacute) the mirror image of acute injury in leads V1 - 3
- (fully evolved) tall R wave, tall upright T wave in leads V1 -3
- usually associated with inferior and/or lateral wall MI
Acute anterior myocardial infarction
A 63 year old woman with 10 hours of chest pain and sweating.
Acute anterior myocardial infarction
- ST elevation in the anterior leads V1 - 6, I and aVL
- reciprocal ST depression in the inferior leads
Acute inferior myocardial infarction
A 55 year old man with 4 hours of "crushing" chest pain.
Acute inferior myocardial infarction
- ST elevation in the inferior leads II, III and aVF
- reciprocal ST depression in the anterior leads
See also acute anterior MI.
Right Bundle Branch Block and sinus bradycardia are also present.
Normal adult 12-lead ECG
Normal ECG
Normal adult 12-lead ECG
The diagnosis of the normal electrocardiogram is made by excluding any recognised abnormality. It's description is therefore quite lengthy.
normal sinus rhythm
each P wave is followed by a QRS
P waves normal for the subject
P wave rate 60 - 100 bpm with <10% variation
rate <60 = sinus bradycardia
rate >100 = sinus tachycardia
variation >10% = sinus arrhythmia
normal QRS axis
normal P waves
height < 2.5 mm in lead II
width < 0.11 s in lead II
for abnormal P waves see right atrial hypertrophy, left atrial hypertrophy, atrial premature beat, hyperkalaemia
normal PR interval
0.12 to 0.20 s (3 - 5 small squares)
for short PR segment consider Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome or Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome (other causes - Duchenne muscular dystrophy, type II glycogen storage disease (Pompe's), HOCM)
for long PR interval see first degree heart block and 'trifasicular' block
normal QRS complex
< 0.12 s duration (3 small squares)
for abnormally wide QRS consider right or left bundle branch block, ventricular rhythm, hyperkalaemia, etc.
no pathological Q waves
no evidence of left or right ventricular hypertrophy
normal QT interval
Calculate the corrected QT interval (QTc) by dividing the QT interval by the square root of the preceeding R - R interval. Normal = 0.42 s.
Causes of long QT interval
myocardial infarction, myocarditis, diffuse myocardial disease
hypocalcaemia, hypothyrodism
subarachnoid haemorrhage, intracerebral haemorrhage
drugs (e.g. sotalol, amiodarone)
hereditary
Romano Ward syndrome (autosomal dominant)
Jervill + Lange Nielson syndrome (autosomal recessive) associated with sensorineural deafness
normal ST segment
no elevation or depression
causes of elevation include acute MI (e.g. anterior, inferior), left bundle branch block, normal variants (e.g. athletic heart, Edeiken pattern, high-take off), acute pericarditis
causes of depression include myocardial ischaemia, digoxin effect, ventricular hypertrophy, acute posterior MI, pulmonary embolus, left bundle branch block
normal T wave
causes of tall T waves include hyperkalaemia, hyperacute myocardial infarction and left bundle branch block
causes of small, flattened or inverted T waves are numerous and include ischaemia, age, race, hyperventilation, anxiety, drinking iced water, LVH, drugs (e.g. digoxin), pericarditis, PE, intraventricular conduction delay (e.g. RBBB)and electrolyte disturbance.
normal U wave
© Copyright ECG Library 1995 - 2014. Dean Jenkins and Stephen Gerred.
The ECGs and associated images on ecglibrary.com may be used for any non-commercial purpose as long as their source is acknowledged.
ECG Library is an educational resouce from the authors of ECGs by Example, 3rd Edition, Churchill Livingstone
Normal adult 12-lead ECG
The diagnosis of the normal electrocardiogram is made by excluding any recognised abnormality. It's description is therefore quite lengthy.
normal sinus rhythm
each P wave is followed by a QRS
P waves normal for the subject
P wave rate 60 - 100 bpm with <10% variation
rate <60 = sinus bradycardia
rate >100 = sinus tachycardia
variation >10% = sinus arrhythmia
normal QRS axis
normal P waves
height < 2.5 mm in lead II
width < 0.11 s in lead II
for abnormal P waves see right atrial hypertrophy, left atrial hypertrophy, atrial premature beat, hyperkalaemia
normal PR interval
0.12 to 0.20 s (3 - 5 small squares)
for short PR segment consider Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome or Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome (other causes - Duchenne muscular dystrophy, type II glycogen storage disease (Pompe's), HOCM)
for long PR interval see first degree heart block and 'trifasicular' block
normal QRS complex
< 0.12 s duration (3 small squares)
for abnormally wide QRS consider right or left bundle branch block, ventricular rhythm, hyperkalaemia, etc.
no pathological Q waves
no evidence of left or right ventricular hypertrophy
normal QT interval
Calculate the corrected QT interval (QTc) by dividing the QT interval by the square root of the preceeding R - R interval. Normal = 0.42 s.
Causes of long QT interval
myocardial infarction, myocarditis, diffuse myocardial disease
hypocalcaemia, hypothyrodism
subarachnoid haemorrhage, intracerebral haemorrhage
drugs (e.g. sotalol, amiodarone)
hereditary
Romano Ward syndrome (autosomal dominant)
Jervill + Lange Nielson syndrome (autosomal recessive) associated with sensorineural deafness
normal ST segment
no elevation or depression
causes of elevation include acute MI (e.g. anterior, inferior), left bundle branch block, normal variants (e.g. athletic heart, Edeiken pattern, high-take off), acute pericarditis
causes of depression include myocardial ischaemia, digoxin effect, ventricular hypertrophy, acute posterior MI, pulmonary embolus, left bundle branch block
normal T wave
causes of tall T waves include hyperkalaemia, hyperacute myocardial infarction and left bundle branch block
causes of small, flattened or inverted T waves are numerous and include ischaemia, age, race, hyperventilation, anxiety, drinking iced water, LVH, drugs (e.g. digoxin), pericarditis, PE, intraventricular conduction delay (e.g. RBBB)and electrolyte disturbance.
normal U wave
© Copyright ECG Library 1995 - 2014. Dean Jenkins and Stephen Gerred.
The ECGs and associated images on ecglibrary.com may be used for any non-commercial purpose as long as their source is acknowledged.
ECG Library is an educational resouce from the authors of ECGs by Example, 3rd Edition, Churchill Livingstone
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